Despite the government of Tanzania welcoming foreign direct investment (FDI), the U.S. Department of State notes a marked deterioration in the business and investment climate in the county in recent years. As an illustration, Tanzania ranked 141 out of 190 countries on the 2020 World Bank Ease of Doing Business Report, the lowest among its regional peers.[9] Under President Hassan’s governance, Tanzania is reforming legislation and regulations to improve the business climate to attract FDI and prioritize the private sector.

Tanzania ranks in the low category of the Human Development Index (HDI) with an HDI value in 2019 of 0.529, positioning it at 163 out of 189 countries. Since 1990, however, this HDI value marks a significant increase of 43.8 percent. 1990 to 2019 saw life expectancy at birth increase by 15.3 years, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita increase by roughly 93.5 percent. Tanzania’s HDI value ranks above the average for countries in its category, but below the average for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. When adjusting Tanzania’s HDI value for inequality, the score falls to 0.397, a loss of 25 percent. Over half of Tanzania’s population, 57 percent, are estimated to live in multidimensional poverty with another 23.5 percent vulnerable to multidimensional poverty.[10]

Of Tanzania’s population, 99 percent are African (of which 95 percent are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes) and the remaining one percent is “other” (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab). The Zanzibar archipelago’s ethnic groups consist of Arab, African, and a mix of the two.[11] The two main religions on the mainland are Christian (63.1 percent), followed by Muslim (34.1 percent) while Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim.[12]

Trafficking or trafficking risk is reported in potentially exported sectors including agriculture, fishing, and mining. Children in Tanzania are vulnerable to forced labor on farms working as herders and hunters, as well as in mines and quarries, the informal commercial sector, and on fishing vessels operating in Tanzanian and international waters.

Tanzania has net negative migration. As of mid-year 2020, Tanzania’s international migrant stock is approximately seven percent (426,000) of the total population.[13] The largest source countries for migrants traveling to Tanzania are Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, and the Republic of the Congo.[14] Additionally, a sizable portion of migrants originate from “Other” which indicates that the data is unknown or incompatible with United Nation’s (UN) categorization. Tanzania hosts 219,872 refugees and 27,595 asylum seekers, largely concentrated in the northwestern region of Kigoma.[15]

Tanzania’s top exports in 2020 included gold, fruit and nuts, ores, vegetables, and coffee, tea, mate, and spices.[17]

According to direct data, the top importers of all goods from Tanzania in 2020 are South Africa, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, India, and China.[18] However, according to mirror data of the same year, the top importer is India, while South Africa does not rank in the top twenty-five importing countries.[19]

Tanzanian labor law allows for workers to form and join unions, bargain collectively, and conduct legal strikes. Workers whose jobs are considered to be of “national service” and prison guards are exempt from these protections. The law prohibits antiunion discrimination; however, according to the U.S. Department of State, the government continued to restrict these rights.[20]

A trade union or employee association must register with the Registrar of Trade Unions in the Ministry of Labor within six months of establishment. The U.S. Department of State notes that the Tanzanian registrar has the power to reject a registration on arbitrary or ambiguous grounds. In Zanzibar, the labor code requires that any union with 50 or more members to register with the government, yet few companies can meet this threshold. Trade union officers must also meet literacy standards. The registrar has considerable power in restricting union registration. Zanzabari workers in both public and private sectors are prohibited from joining unions on the mainland, and workers in sectors deemed “essential” are not permitted to strike.[21]

On both the mainland and in Zanzibar, the private sector adopted anti-union policies and tactics. The Trade Union Congress of Tanzania (TUCTA)’s reported that in 2018 employers discouraged collective bargaining practices and retaliated against labor rights activists by terminating employment, according to the U.S. Department of State.[22]

The Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar follow separate labor laws. The Tanzanian government established a minimum wage law in 2013, which splits the labor force into twelve sectors and provides a minimum wage for each sector individually.[23] The minimum wage ranges from TZS 100,000 ($45 USD) per month for agricultural laborers to TZS 400,000 ($180 USD) per month for laborers employed in the mining sector. Zanzibar’s minimum wage increased to TZS 300,000 ($135 USD) per month in 2017.[24] The standard workweek is 45 hours, with a maximum workday of nine hours including paid overtime if limits are exceeded.

Several laws outline occupational health and safety requirements. Foreign or migrant workers are allowed to sue an employer if their working conditions do not comply with the labor code. However, the government did not adequately monitor or enforce these labor standards, particularly in the informal sector where the majority of workers are employed. A Tanzanian human rights organization reports that many workers lack employment contracts, and companies frequently hire workers for less than six months to avoid hiring laborers with protections, according to the U.S. Department of State.[25]

Tanzanian labor law prohibits discrimination on the basis of color, nationality, tribe or place of origin, race, national extraction, social origin, political opinion, religion, sex, gender, pregnancy, marital status, family responsibility, disability, HIV/AIDS, age, or station in life. The law does not address discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity, language, citizenship, or communicable disease status. According to the U.S. Department of State, the government does not effectively enforce labor law addressing discrimination.[26] Discrimination against migrant workers remains a key issue, and migrant workers reportedly find it difficult to find documented work outside of the informal sector. Women also face workplace discrimination in employment, pay, and promotions in the formal sector, but even more so in the informal sector where women are disproportionally employed. Women reportedly face sexual harassment, bullying, and threats in the workplace.[27] Persons with disabilities and those with albinism also faced discrimination with respect to employment and occupation.

Tanzanian law prohibits any form of forced or compulsory labor, with the exception of prisoners working on construction or agricultural projects within correctional facilities which cannot benefit a private entity; however, prison labor occurs outside of these confines. According to the U.S. Department of State, unpaid and compulsory prison labor work on construction, agricultural, and apparel projects in coordination with Tanzania’s Ministry of Home Affairs.[28] Overall, the government does not adequately enforce the law. Women, children, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and migrants are subject to forced labor in Tanzania. Cuban, North Koreans, Chinese foreign workers in Tanzania may have been forced to work by their employers. Human trafficking indicators are present on Tanzanian fishing vessels as well. Forced labor victims in the municipality of Tabora were reportedly from Kigoma, a rural area that hosts refugee camps. Burundian and Congolese refugees and migrants are most at risk to human trafficking.[29]

Tanzanian labor law prohibits children under the age of 14 from working, and children between ages 14 and 18 are prohibited from engaging in work that is dangerous, or likely to affect their development or performance in school. The law limits a child’s workday hours to six and further defines hazardous work for children in several sectors including agriculture, fishery, mining, quarrying, construction, service, informal operations, and transport.

In practice, these laws are rarely enforced, and child labor remains prevalent in the country, including in those sectors previously listed. According to the U.S. Department of State’s 2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, the following goods are produced with child labor in Tanzania: cloves, coffee, gold, nile perch (fish), sisal, tanzanite (gems), tea, and tobacco.[30] Traffickers exploit children to work on farms as cattle herders and hunters, in gold mines and quarries, on fishing vessels in Tanzanian and international waters, as well as in the informal commercial sector. Burundi and Rwandan children are increasingly vulnerable to child labor in Tanzania, according to the U.S. Department of State. The International Labour Organization estimates 4.2 million children are involved in child labor in Tanzania.[31]

Tanzania currently has a variety of international and domestic human rights NGOs working within its borders. According to Freedom House, in 2020, Tanzania strengthened laws that give the government broad authority to deregister NGOs, and the Tanzanian government generally continues to punish civil society organizations (CSOs) that try to expose official wrongdoing.[34] Many CSO were unwilling to speak freely over the phone due to fears of surveillance.[35]

Tanzania scores an 79.3 on the 2021 Fragile States Index, ranking 61st out of 178 countries. This score represents an improvement of 1.2 points from the previous year, but a decrease of 2.5 points in the past five years.[39] Tanzania remains one of East Africa’s most stable and secure states, maintaining relatively peaceful relations with its neighbors. In October 2020, the country held its sixth general election, despite the elections being neither free nor fair according to the U.S. Department of State. Tanzania experienced a peaceful transition of power upon President Magufuli’s death in 2021.[40]

The U.S. Department of State classifies Tanzania’s largest city, Dar es Salaam, as a critical-threat location for crime. In general, crime is prevalent throughout the country. Tanzania faces a terrorism threat along three of its borders with Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Mozambique with the Islamic State in Mozambique (IS-M) posing the greatest threat within Tanzania.[41]

Tanzania ranks in the low category of the Human Development Index (HDI) with an HDI value in 2019 of 0.529, positioning it at 163 out of 189 countries. When adjusting Tanzania’s HDI value for inequality, the score falls to 0.397, a loss of 25 percent. Tanzania’s HDI value ranks above the average for countries in its category, but below the average for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.[47]

According to the UNDP, over half of Tanzania’s population, 57 percent, are estimated to live in multidimensional poverty with 27.5 percent living in severe multidimensional poverty and another 23.5 percent vulnerable to multidimensional poverty.[48]

Although the law provides the same legal status and rights for women and men in employment, housing, education, and health care, the law also recognizes customary practices that often favor men, according to the U.S. Department of State. Despite there being no legal restrictions on women’s employment in the same occupations, tasks, and working hours as men, women, especially in rural areas, faced significant disadvantages due to cultural, historical, and educational factors.[49] The United Nations Development Programme determines Tanzania’s Gender Inequality Index (GII) value to be 0.556, ranking it 140 out of 162 countries in 2019.

Under Tanzanian law, all land belongs to the state and procedures for obtaining a lease or certificate of occupancy is complex and lengthy.[51] According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), internal displacement in Tanzania is primarily due to weather-related hazards including floods and storms, geophysical events like earthquakes, and epidemics (e.g. rift valley fever).[52] Internal displacement varies significantly from year-to-year based on the severity of the disaster and the vulnerability of the affected population. For instance, the year 2020 saw roughly 58,000 IDPs due to disaster while 2019 only experienced about 10,000.[53]

The main environmental concerns in Tanzania are soil degradation, deforestation, illegal hunting, particularly ivory poaching, water pollution, and the destruction of marine habitats.[54] The most common environmental hazards in Tanzania are droughts, floods, and storms.[55]

According to Tanzania’s Chamber of Mines, Tanzania is Africa’s fourth-largest gold producing country extracting approximately 40 to 50 tons of gold each year.[56] In 2020, gold exports accounted for nearly half (48.72 percent) of the total export earnings in Tanzania.[57] An African policy institute reports that the Tanzanian gold industry is rife with illegal mining and smuggling which is exacerbated by the lack of adequate enforcement of mining regulations. There are fewer than ten foreign gold mining corporations operating in the country, yet there’s over a million artisanal miners, two-thirds of which are in the gold sector.[58]

The U.S. Department of State reports that Tanzanian gold is produced using child labor.[59] Human Rights Watch has extensively documented hazardous child labor in artisanal gold mining in Tanzania. According to Human Rights Watch, children work in mine pits for up to 24 hours at a time; they transport bags of ore, crush ore, and process gold with mercury.[60] Mercury poisoning is a risk to children involved, as well as citizens of mining areas. In 2019, an independent research institute conducted a survey of 450 small-scale mining and processing sites in Northwest Tanzania. Results showed that 75 percent of the sites operate informally, 90 percent used mercury, and 15 percent employed children under 15 years old.[61]

Tobacco is Tanzania’s eighth-largest export earner as of 2020. In 2018, 107,009 tons of tobacco were produced in Tanzania.[62]

Child labor occurs in Tanzania’s tobacco production, according to the U.S. Department of State.[63] A study by the ILO found that children as young as five were engaged in child labor in the tobacco sector. The study’s findings show that most children are involved in raising and transplanting, weeding, and applying fertilizer while older children, ages 15 to 17, conducted more strenuous activities such as field preparation and stamping, construction of sheds and barns, cutting of trees for firewood in the curing process, packaging, curing, and spraying.[64]

Coffee is Tanzania’s ninth-largest export earner as of 2020.[65] The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that coffee is Tanzania’s most important cash crop. It accounts for 39 percent of land under permanent crop cultivation and is grown by more than 40 percent of farmers. The total area of planted coffee exceeds 265,000 hectares. Smallholder farmers produce 90 percent of Tanzanian coffee while the remaining ten percent is produced by estates. The USDA notes that smallholder farmers in Tanzania often lack adequate resources and subsequently depend more on family labor.[66]

The U.S. Department of State lists coffee as being produced with child labor in Tanzania.[67] Children are involved in the plowing, weeding, harvesting, and processing of coffee. According to the U.S. Department of State, mainland Tanzania’s hazardous work list for children “does not specify weeding and processing as activities that are dangerous agricultural tasks in the production of tobacco, cloves, coffee, sisal, and tea.”[68]

[1] Central Intelligence Agency. “Tanzania.” The World Factbook. March 8, 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world- factbook/countries/tanzania/

[2] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[3] Amnesty International. “Tanzania: Lawfare: Repression by Law ahead of Tanzania’s General Elections.” October 12, 2020. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr56/3051/2020/en/

[4] Central Intelligence Agency. “Tanzania.” The World Factbook. March 8, 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world- factbook/countries/tanzania/

[5] World Bank. “Country Overview – Tanzania.” November 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview#1

[6] World Bank Data. “GDP per capita (current US$) – Tanzania.” 2020. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=TZ

[7] World Bank. “Country Overview – Tanzania.” November 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview#1

[8] World Bank. Tanzania Economic Update: How to Transform Tourism into a More Sustainable, Resilient and Inclusive Sector. July 29, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-economic- update-how-to-transform-tourism-into-a-more-sustainable-resilient-and-inclusive-sector

[9] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/tanzania/

[10] United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Report 2020 – Tanzania.” 2020. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/TZA.pdf

[11] Central Intelligence Agency. “Tanzania.” The World Factbook. March 8, 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world- factbook/countries/tanzania/

[12] Central Intelligence Agency. “Tanzania.” The World Factbook. March 8, 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world- factbook/countries/tanzania/

[13] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Migration Data Portal. 2020. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/international-data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=834

[14] United Nations. International Migrant Stock 2020 – Destination and Origin.” 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock

[15] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “North-West Tanzania Refugee Situation Population Dashboard.” February 28, 2022. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/91178

[16] United Nations. International Migrant Stock 2020 – Destination and Origin.” 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock

[17] United States International Trade Commission. “List of products at 2 digits level exported by Tanzania, United Republic of in 2020.” Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/Product_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c834%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2 %7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

[18] United States International Trade Commission. “List of importing markets for a product exported by Tanzania, United Republic of.” Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c834%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c% 7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1

[19] United States International Trade Commission. “List of importing markets for a product exported by Tanzania, United Republic of (Mirror).” Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c834%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c% 7c2%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1

[20] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[21] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[22] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[23] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/tanzania/

[24] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/tanzania/

[25] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[26] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[27] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[28] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[29] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Trafficking in Persons Report.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp- content/uploads/2021/07/TIP_Report_Final_20210701.pdf

[30] U.S. Department of State. “2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.” 2020. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2019/2020_TVPRA_List_Online_Final.pdf

[31] ILO. “Child Labour And The Youth Decent Work Deficit In Tanzania.” 2018. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_651779.pdf

[32] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[33] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Trafficking in Persons Report.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp- content/uploads/2021/07/TIP_Report_Final_20210701.pdf

[34] Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2021 – Tanzania.” 2021. https://freedomhouse.org/country/tanzania/freedom-world/2021

[35] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[36] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[37] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Trafficking in Persons Report.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp- content/uploads/2021/07/TIP_Report_Final_20210701.pdf

[38] International Labor Organization. “Ratifications for United Republic of Tanzania.” 2022. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103476

[39] Fund for Peace. “Country Dashboard – Tanzania.” Fragile States Index. 2021. https://fragilestatesindex.org/country-data/

[40] U.S. Department of State. “Tanzania Country Security Report.” Overseas Security Advisory Council. November 2, 2021. https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/b80e1689-56ab-4a8e-a40a-1c7800eb431f

[41] U.S. Department of State. “Tanzania Country Security Report.” Overseas Security Advisory Council. November 2, 2021. https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/b80e1689-56ab-4a8e-a40a-1c7800eb431f

[42] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[43] UNHRC. “Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda – Operational Context.” https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/kenya-tanzania- uganda-joint-strategy/

[44] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[45] Transparency International. “Corruption Perception Index 2021 – Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021/index/tza

[46] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/tanzania/

[47] United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Report 2020 – Tanzania.” 2020. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/TZA.pdf

[48] United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Report 2020 – Tanzania.” 2020. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/TZA.pdf

[49] U.S. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/tanzania/

[50] United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Report 2020 – Tanzania.” 2020. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/TZA.pdf

[51] U.S. Department of State. “2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tanzania.” 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/tanzania/

[52] IOM. “Assessing The Evidence: Climate Change And Migration In The United Republic Of Tanzania.” 2021. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Assessing-the-Evidence-United-Republic-of- Tanzania%20%281%29_0.pdf

[53] IOM. “Assessing The Evidence: Climate Change And Migration In The United Republic Of Tanzania.” 2021. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Assessing-the-Evidence-United-Republic-of- Tanzania%20%281%29_0.pdf

[54] Central Intelligence Agency. “Tanzania.” The World Factbook. March 8, 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world- factbook/countries/tanzania/

[55] IOM. “Assessing The Evidence: Climate Change And Migration In The United Republic Of Tanzania.” 2021. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Assessing-the-Evidence-United-Republic-of- Tanzania%20%281%29_0.pdf

[56] Tanzania Chamber of Mines. “Mining Tanzania.” https://www.tcme.or.tz/mining.html

[57] International Trade Center. “List of products at 4 digits level exported by Tanzania, United Republic of in 2020.” Trade Map. 2020. https://www.trademap.org/Product_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c834%7c%7c%7c%7c71%7c%7c%7c4%7c 1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

[58] Daghar, Mohamed. “Gold Diggers And Rent Seekers Strip Tanzania’s Wealth.” Institute for Security Studies. August 11, 2021. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/gold-diggers-and-rent-seekers-strip-tanzanias-wealth

[59] U.S. Department of State. “2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.” 2020. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2019/2020_TVPRA_List_Online_Final.pdf

[60] Human Rights Watch. Tanzania: Hazardous Life of Child Gold Miners. August 2013. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/28/tanzania-hazardous-life-child-gold-miners

[61] Gerig, L., Hoex, L., Schneck, N., and Ndagano, P. “Tanzania Artisanal And Small–Scale Mining Sector.” IPIS. DELVE. November 19, 2020. https://delvedatabase.org/uploads/resources/Delve-Country-Profile-Tanzania.pdf

[62] Tobacco Tactics. “Tanzania-Country Profile.” University of Bath. September 14, 2021. https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/tanzania-country-profile/

[63] U.S. Department of State. “2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.” 2020. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2019/2020_TVPRA_List_Online_Final.pdf

[64] International Labour Organization. “Rapid Assessment on Child Labour in Tobacco Growing Communities in Tabora Region, Tanzania.” 2016. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—africa/—ro-abidjan/—ilo- dar_es_salaam/documents/publication/wcms_517519.pdf

[65] International Trade Center. “List of products at 4 digits level exported by Tanzania, United Republic of in 2020.” Trade Map. 2020.https://www.trademap.org/Product_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c834%7c%7c%7c%7c09%7c%7c%7c 4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

[66] USDA. “Coffee Annual – Tanzania.” Foreign Agriculture Service. May 14, 2021. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee%20Annual_Dar %20Es%20Salaam_Tanzania_05-15-2021.pdf

[67] U.S. Department of State. “2020 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.” 2020. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/tda2019/2020_TVPRA_List_Online_Final.pdf

[68] U.S. Department of State. “Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Tanzania.” 2020. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/tanzani